Staphylococcus Aureus

Foodborne Illness Short Answer Questions Staphylococcus †¢What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? The pathogen that causes Staphylococcus is called Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is also called Staph and is abbreviated to S. aureus or Staph aureus in medical literature. S. aureus is a bacterium that causes various infections. Staph is a commonly found on the skin and also in mucus membranes (mostly the nose and throat) of up to 25% of healthy people and animals. Depending on the type of strain S. ureus, can cause minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, carbuncles, and abscesses or life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome. (Microbiology, 2005) Some strains produce an enterotoxin that causes staphylococcus aureus gastroenteritis, also known as food poisoning. The most harmful species of S. aureus is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); this bacterium has de veloped antibiotic resistance. (Microbiology, 2005) Each year, approximately half a million people are admitted to a hospital in the U. S. ue to a staphylococcal infection. †¢How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? S. aureus is not necessarily transmitted through food or water but primarily through direct person-to-person contact. It is also possible to transmit through indirect contact (i. e. contaminated environmental surfaces). Staph infections are common hospital-acquired infections due to the possibility of health care providers being carriers of this, usually harmless, bacteria. A carrier of S. aureus can easily contaminate their own hands by contact with their nose in the course of routine activities. Skin to skin contact is the most significant mode of transmitting the pathogen and hand washing can significantly reduce transmission. Staph infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, contact with objects such as towels, sheets, or clothing. (Wiki, 2012) S. aureus can remain living for long periods of time on linen, clothing and dust. †¢What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? I found this example of a real life outbreak, although it is not in the US, I found it astonishing that the outbreak ended with proper hygiene. In January 2008, a cluster of neonates with bullous impetigo in a hospital of northern Thailand was investigated. Medical records and working timetables of healthcare workers (HCWs) were reviewed. During an environmental study, bacteriological samples from HCWs and equipments were taken. The study resulted in 16 confirmed cases and 14 probable cases. The attack rate was 42%. Most cases had skin blisters (28 cases) followed by pustules (five cases) and exfoliation (three cases). The location of the lesion was the trunk (17 cases), neck (14 cases) or armpits (nine cases). Nineteen cases had symptoms onset after discharge from hospital. Median age at onset was 4 days. The strain isolated from an infected newborn shared the same phage type as the contaminated equipment. Insufficient hand hygiene was an observed risk behavior of HCWs and visitors. Exposure to a nasal carrier of Staphylococcus aureus and ward sharing with a symptomatic case increased the risk of acquiring the infection. The outbreak ended abruptly after implementation of hand hygiene practices and equipment cleaning. (Eurosurveillance, 2008) What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any? The clinical symptoms of a skin staph infection are boils and puss-filled accesses. These areas of the infection are commonly red, swollen and painful. Drainage of the infections is common practice. When S aureus enters the blood stream it can spread to organs and cause serious infections, this is known as bacteremia or sepsis. Patients with underlying lung disease may deve lop staphylococcus pneumonia which causes an abscess formation in the ungs. Infection of the heart valves, also called endocarditis, can lead to heart failure. Staphylococcal food poisoning causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration. (MedicineNet, n. d. ) Minor skin infections may be treated with an antibiotic ointment or oral antibiotics. Serious and life-threatening illness may be treated with intravenous antibiotics depending on the particular staphylococcal strain. Some strains, such as MRSA, are resistant to many antibiotics. †¢What steps can be taken to prevent further outbreaks? Include individual as well as environmental precautions and methods. There is not a vaccine available against Staphylococcus aureus since bacteria are so widespread. But there are common hygiene practices that can reduce the risk of developing staph infections. Thoroughly washing hands is the best defense against germs. If you have a cut or wound, keep it clean and covered with sterile bandages until they heal completely. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors and clothing. Women that use tampons can reduce their risk by changing tampons frequently. Hospitals can reduce transmission of staphylococcal aureus and MRSA by ensuring proper hygiene is a priority with all healthcare workers. They can also disinfect surfaces that are handled by healthcare workers, patients and visitors daily. A study was done to test the growth rate of staphylococci on stainless steel and brass. The results of this study showed the growth of the bacteria to be lower on the brass covered hardware. This could be a change hospitals can make to help reduce the spread of staphylococcus. Noyce, Michels, & Keevil, 2006, p. 290) Reference: Microbiology. (2005, May 25). What Is Staphylococcus Aureus? Bionewsonline. com Retrieved January 21, 2012, from http://www. bionewsonline. com/i/what_is_staphylococcus_aureus. htm Wikipedia. (2012, January 17). Staphylococcus Aureus. Wikipedia. org Retrieved January 21, 2012, form http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus Eurosurveillance. (January 2008). An outbreak of hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus skin infection among newborns, Nan Province, Thailand, January 2008. EuroSurveillance. org. Retrieved January 21, 2012, from http://www. eurosurveillance. org/ViewArticle. aspx? ArticleId=19372 MedicineNet. (n. d. ). Staph Infection. MedicineNet. com. Retrieved on January 21, 2012 from http://www. medicinenet. com/staph_infection/article. htm#symptoms J. O. Noyce, H. Michels, & C. W. Keevil. (2006). Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. [Electronic Version]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 63, 289-297

Law, Ethics & Corp. Governance Essay

1. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving skills, competence, and abilities: The employee seems to be unable to learn the computer applications that are basic to her job responsibilities, but, consistently â€Å"tells† her boss that she is â€Å"a good worker and a genius† and that he does not â€Å"appreciate her†. Even after a few months of training and support, she is unable to use the computer tools to be productive and efficient in completing the required tasks. This can be a difficult situation for an employer to make because many employers try to see the positive and have faith in all their employees. If this situation took place within my company, I would continue to observe the employees attitude as well as dedication. Many times, employees are not capable of performing certain tasks, however, with a humble mindset, it is possible to work with them and guide them while working. This specific employee seems to have a self-assured mindset that she is not doing anything wrong. Instead of opening up and allowing her boss to assist her, she becomes arrogant. I would go a different route and have a professional come and train her from another company to see if that would help. If this specific assistance does not help, I will have to write the employee up to warn her that she must submit to the work load within a certain time frame. I do not believe this is being harsh to the employee. If she is hired to do a specific task and cannot get the task accomplished, then she is incapable of doing the work. I will be able to provide a written statement and have her terminated. Employers cannot waste time on employees who talk about their capabilities, yet not perform them. According to â€Å"Law and Ethics in the Business Environment† Chapter 2, she is able to voice her opinion publically in court, however, she must have written proof to back her up whys he should not be terminated. 2. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving management, behavior, and performance: The employee tends to burst into a rage when criticized and is frequently late to work as noticed by her boss and other staff members. When her boss attempts to address her behavioral issues and the company late policy, the employee’s response is that she â€Å"knows her rights and what to do† if she is wrongfully discharged. She also says she took a business law class in undergrad that taught her â€Å"everything she needs to know about exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine and wrongful discharge in violation of public policy†. I would provide counsel and verbal warning to the employee. It is important to get all of the facts and bring that person into your office without making a big scene. Being honest and upfront about the tardiness and improper behavior will get much respect from the employee and show firm leadership. I will discuss what has been taken place and how important it is to have the whole department working on one accord. I will also discuss that their tardiness is not fair to the other employees. I would take the time to ask if there is anything wrong, or if there is something happening in the workplace or personal life that is causing what is perceived as â€Å"a person with a bad attitude who is unhappy at work. I believe listening and showing empathy will let the employee know you care about their well-being but yet, still mean business. There may be some personal issues that they just need to get off of their chest. If I get a sarcastic response from them, then I must be strong, but not attacking, and let them know that the behavior shown is not acceptable and needs to improve. I would be sure that I am focusing on the problem, not the person. In situations like these, staying calm and let them do the talking will show the humility in you as a leader. In situations like these, I would point out their strengths, and try to first focus on the good aspects of their performance rather than a perceived bad attitude. Documenting and date this conversation as a verbal warning to the employee, yet not making it a threat. This is not a written warning, but shows that you did talk to the person about difficult employee issues. The more the employer documents, the easier it will be to terminate if it gets to that point. The biggest mistake is to not document. Documentation and building a case is the proof that shows you talked to this employee many times but to no avail (Sheahan, 2012). 3. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving labor and laws: The employee takes a day off from work, without management consent, for her religious holiday observance that falls on a day that is during â€Å"tax season†. The day off occurred during an incredibly busy period for the company during which the employer had notified all employees they were not allowed to take off without prior management approval. Also, there is no labor union for accountants. However, she begins talking to her co-workers during lunch breaks and sometimes during regular work hours, encouraging them to organize and form a union to â€Å"protect ourselves†. This can be a difficult situation because it involves the employee’s religious rights. According to an Act in 1997, â€Å"GUIDELINES ON RELIGIOUS EXERCISE AND RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION IN THE FEDERAL WORKPLACE†, Agencies shall not discriminate against employees on the basis of religion, require religious participation or non-participation as a condition of employment, or permit religious harassment. And agencies shall accommodate employees’ exercise of their religion in the circumstances specified in these Guidelines. These requirements are but applications of the general principle that agencies shall treat all employees with the same respect and consideration, regardless of their religion. At the same time, employees are not to engage in religious acts with employees by forcing their beliefs and opinions on them. This can cause immediate termination. Regardless of religious observation day or not, an employee is not to take a work day off without employers permission. The employer has every right to terminate the employee. It is understandable to observe religious acts as an individual but there has to be communication between employee and employer. The employer has to make accommodations for that specific day. 4. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving policies and procedures: The employee’s supervisor consistently asks her out on dates; the employee initially refuses to go out on a date with her supervisor. The employee later discusses the issue with her girlfriend who encourages her to accept his offers. During her new employee orientation, the employee was informed of the company policy which prevented employees from dating their supervisor and was given an employee handbook with the written policy. The employee and her supervisor later begin having a consensual relationship. Based from the research according to Saalfeld Griggs PC Publications, a supervisor dating an employee is prohibited within many companies. Although romantic relationships in the workplace are common, employers have legitimate reasons for concern about employee dating. The biggest fear is a sexual harassment lawsuit arising from either a supervisor who has a habit of asking subordinates out on dates; an employee who files a lawsuit after a consensual relationship goes sour; or the perception of co-workers that a supervisor is playing favorites with his or her â€Å"significant other. A policy that prohibits a supervisor from dating a subordinate must also describe the penalty imposed if the policy is violated. Men often hold more senior positions in a company, therefore, a policy that always penalizes the subordinate (e.g. by requiring termination or transfer) may create sexual discrimination liability. When enforcing a â€Å"no dating† policy, the employer must be careful to penalize both sexes equally. An employer who selectively enforces the policy, or enforces it more harshly against one sex compared to the other, may be liable for sexual discrimination. In a consensual relationship between a supervisor and a subordinate, the subordinate often is the recipient of preferential treatment. Employees have asserted claims for sexual harassment based on the theory that they can’t receive the same benefits because they are not â€Å"sleeping with the boss.† The policy is in writing and both the employer and employee decided to go against this policy. If one or the other is not able to transfer to another department, they must suffer the consequences of being released from the company. Reference Page: 1. Halbert, T., & Ingulli, E. (2012). Law & ethics in the business environment (7th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. 2. Sheahan, K. (2012). Bad Employee Behavior. Article retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/facts_6739049_bad-employee-behavior.html 3. Sutton, R. (1999). Regulating Workplace Romance. Article retrieved from: http://www.sglaw.com/publications.php?id=36&pubtype=showarticle

Pemphigus Vulgaris

Pemphigus Vulgaris Pemphigus Vulgaris is an autoimmune disorder in which there is blistering of the skin. The prefix phemphix comes from the greek work meaning â€Å"bubble†. This disorder affects the epithelial and mucous membranes. Although unlikely, certain medications can cause this disorder. These medications include: blood pressure medications and chelating agents. This autoimmune disease is especially rare and is limited to older adults to the elderly. A way that you can test for it is by performing a Nikolsky test. This test involves rubbing the patient with a cotton swab and if the skin comes off easily, it is positive. To be completely sure about the diagnosis, a skin lesion biopsy can be performed. Symptoms will most likely start with blisters in the mouth or skin. Then these blisters can turn into skin â€Å"lesions†. Lesions are when blisters start to ooze, peel off easily, or drain. The highest likely areas that will be affected are: the mouth, head, back, or stomach. Treatment for Pemphigus Vulgaris may include many different routes. Depending on the severity of the disease, you may need to be hospitalized for treatment. Possible ways to treat this disease include : intravenous solutions that include fluids, electrolytes and proteins, IV feedings in cases where the blisters are predominately on the mouth, numbing agents for the mouth, and some antibiotics may be able to work for this disease. This disease can be deadly if you don’t seek treatment. Even if you do seek treatment, the side effects of these treatments can also be very harsh. Since treatment focuses on the symptoms, this disease is still chronic with treatment. Works Cited â€Å"Pemphigus Vulgaris: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. † National Library of Medicine – National Institutes of Health. Web. 12 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"Pemphigus Vulgaris: EMedicine Dermatology. † EMedicine – Medical Reference. Web. 12 Oct. 2010. .

Communication Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Portfolio - Essay Example I also appreciate the lessons that I learned in the lectures about the CCCD Model of Communication because it taught me to become persuasive and to communicate well. Having gone through the course, I believe that my goals and objectives had changed for the better. Before the class started, I must admit that I share most of student’s perspective to at least pass the subject and hopefully, to do well. This goal changed with the perspective and insight that I learned from the class. I believe I am now more â€Å"professionally oriented† because I now look forward on getting my dream job and to get that, I have to prepare as early as now. My former mindset of just passing the subject has changed from actually learning it and set small achievable goals that can lead to achieving my bigger goals. Goals also do progression and we just do not achieve bigger goals immediately. We have to accustom ourselves in setting smaller goals and achieving it and it helps to actually write them down because it felt like we are committed to them. There are few lessons that I would like bring up in this paper because it resonated in me or left a lasting impression. It is about the lesson in conscious communication and interviewing. This chapter is important to me because I used to dread interviews, presentation and being â€Å"interrogated by serious people†. But I realize that to get the job that I dreamed of, I have to handle if not master interviews and overcome my fear of it. And the course indeed helped me overcome my fear about interviews. It did sonot by telling me not to fear it but rather on understanding its dynamics and providing me the tools to be effective at it. I learned that interviews vary and not just those â€Å"scary ones† and each type of them has different type of interactions of which the course taught me. I am glad however that I am provided with the tools to overcome my anxiety with interviews and succeed with it by using the CCCD model for interview which set the parameters for the interview that taught me the steps to become effective at it. It made me realize the common mistakes committed during interviews and by realizing it, taught me to avoid it and not to commit the same mistake. I believe that this knowledge and skills I learned from the course such as the CCCD model for interviewing will be invaluable in getting my dream job in a very prestigious company. I can simplify what I learned from this CCCD model of interview as setting the goal for interview, how to deliver during interview and to practice it. Learning this tools made me more confident about myself and my goal has inadvertently changed as I gain more confidence. Now my goal is to realize my dream of getting into a prestigious company and working my dream job that is related to communication. I am aware that I still have a lot to learn to realize my goal but knowing the essence and foundation is essential for my future growth. From now on, I will consciously practice what I learned from CCCD to make it an inherent skill. Practice makes it perfect and I want this skill to become my nature so I have to practice it. I also have to equip myself with knowledge and ski

Operations Management in Construction Industry Essay

Operations Management in Construction Industry - Essay Example Though primarily urban based, it has been able to transform barren lands into cultivable greeneries. Thus from repairing to building and alterations the construction industry is seemingly of vast scope. Its health can rightly be transpired through the rolling â€Å"economies like China are catching up a huge pace. Numerous workgroups have suggested that the stakeholders/ companies under the umbrella of this sector will only survive the tumultuous attitude of present day markets only if they are able to manage better operations management. As an epitome example of Carillion PLC can be cited here which provides best example as far as its management practices and ranking by profit† is concerned. (Sridharan, 2007). Operations Management in the above chosen organization is mature, and has been able to departmentalize the products and services of the company. The interdependent departments have been able to transform their rules of business in sub-categories of interrelated yet cent ralized organizations. The products that were required in construction venture were of humongous amounts and thus they were along with the available resource of services was channelized to start off with further new business organizations. Major services of the company are energy, consultancy, infrastructure development, management and property services. This has made their market expanding new horizons. Their markets are aviation, building, engineering, commercial, defence, education, energy, financial and health services, rail, roads and other such utilities. 3. The customers and suppliers: The â€Å"customer base is therefore a complex† of other organizations to individuals depending on the size and types of projects undertaken. As the complexity of the business grows the supplier base has also expanded. (Accenture, 2010) Current and prospective suppliers are not specifically mentioned and are deemed to provide pr supply them with work in different regions and capacities. They include innovative solution developers, challenge analyzers for the satisfaction of customers’ ever increasing demands, commitment helpers for sustainable procurement and workgroups and individuals that may continuously revamp health and safety of the organization on the whole. 4. Analyzing Input and Outputs of the operations: To analyze the operation of the company, one has to consider the input-output scenario

Welfare state Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Welfare state - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that If evidence shows that high numbers of individuals leave the welfare system within a period of fewer than 6 months, it would greatly validate my claim that individuals do not feed on the welfare system and resist coming off of it.   In addition, it would be important to find qualitative information from welfare recipients that explain the reasoning for them entering into receiving welfare as well as their reason for coming off of it.   One struggle with this qualitative examination is the emotional struggles endured that cause member of society to enter into welfare or to remove them from receiving welfare benefits.   Such emotional struggles can be attributed to psychosocial, environmental and familial shame as previously mentioned.    It is my wish to find evidence that will support or refute my original claim that welfare programs, specifically those of food stamps and unemployment benefits, are beneficial for society as a whole and help individua ls re-enter society’s workforce while coping with unfortunate circumstances.   Likewise, I seek to find information to support to refute my claim that individuals do not wish to stay on welfare benefits and will work hard to come off of them because of psychosocial, environmental and familial shame that is associated with being on welfare.   Historical evidence will be drawn to help understand the origination of the welfare system and previous empirical data will help to analyze the trends associated with individuals that have received welfare benefits.   Ã‚  

The Importance of the Embargo in the Arabic Countries Research Paper

The Importance of the Embargo in the Arabic Countries - Research Paper Example During the embargo, the countries mainly Arabic countries made the unilateral decision to hike the prices and cause a disruption in the world oil prices. The price per barrel at the period between 1960 and 1971 was at $1.75. By mid-1973, the price had risen to $3.29 a barrel, and this was after negotiations. After the conflict had begun, the OPEC members raised the price to $5.12 a barrel. Iran auctioned its oil to the highest bidder at $17 a barrel. By the early months of 1974, the price was at $ 11.25. Since then, the prices remained on a steady rise. The Arabic countries who were the majority in the OPEC wanted to make the US bow down and cease supporting Israel. This also led to more conflicts and the US knew it was at a very bad position. The US was at a decline in its oil production, worsening the situation at hand. The process of dealing with the shortage also led to supplies that are more limited, and the price increase was beyond what the US could have done to limit it. Anot her problem was America’s unilateral decision of removing itself from the Bretton Woods Accord where the gold exchange standard was the main method of exchange. The price of gold was pegged on the value of the dollar and the fact that the US was removing itself from this accord was making it difficult to satisfy the market demands. The problem was that they had to make better choices and the depreciating value of the prices was not ideal for society. Ideally, the growing nature of the disgruntled attributes was making things worse and the countries were being fed up by the inability to make independent decisions without having to liaise with the US.

The Effects of Alcohol Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Effects of Alcohol Consumption - Essay Example Nevertheless, moderate drinking refers to taking a maximum of two drinks in a day, though there is a notion that the amount of alcohol that is moderate and safe for individuals depends on the age, sex, weight and other factors. In addition, a standard drink should have ten grams of alcohol, and it is served in typical size glasses while a glass of wine is considered equitable to two standard drinks when served in two hundred milliliter glass. Moreover, there are labels on the bottles of alcoholic drinks that indicate the standard drink contained. However, despite this information reasonable ideas concerning alcohol, people are still abusing alcohol and this leads to some effects. Therefore, this paper will seek to discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on human beings, whereby different psychosocial complications related to consumption of alcohol will be explored. There have been increased rates of alcohol consumption in different parts of the world, and this has led to drawing attentions to the public health concerning the implications of alcohol consumption. In fact, resent studies have depicted that the increased rate of alcohol consumption around the globe contributes significantly to the rise in cases of disability and death. Therefore, there are harmful effects of alcohol consumption on the health due to an increased chance of developing an addiction, which results to be a significant concern for a long period. Consequently, this has led to the need for recognizing alcohol consumption as a risk factor contributing to transmission of numerous communicable diseases, accidents, social and domestic violence. In addition, different patterns of dinking have an influence on the results of the long-term effects of intoxication causing health and social problems. The Absorption of alcohol occurs in the stomach through the small intestines, after which it is distributed to the other organs, and tissues via the blood circulation. However, there is a substantial amount of alcohol absorbed by the liver at a high rate, and it is broken down to form carbon dioxide water and energy. After the alcohol is consumed, the chemicals are excreted via the kidneys, which entail approximately ninety-eight percent alcohols and the two to five percent, through sweat, breath and urine. After the intake of alcohol, there are numerous organs in the body that are affected leading to medical complications such as severe damage on the stomach lining, continual liver damage, and loss of intellectual function. Other severe problem occurs after consumption of alcohol and prolonged use, though some of these problems are treatable, but in some instances, the damage caused may be permanent. One effect of alcohol consumption relates causing a disease referred to as gastric and acid peptic disease, which is associated with effect on the lining of the stoma ch that results to serious damage known as gastritis (Bujanda, 3382). The symptoms of this condition are vomiting during instances of heavy drinking while there is other severe gastritis affects common consumers of excess alcohol without eating food. Consequently, this result to a repeated damage on the stomach lining, which results to hyperacidity also referred to as a disease called acid peptic. The other consequence relates to the alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which results from severe complications of long-term consumption of alcohol. Moreover, there are stages associated with the condition, which are identified through

Social Thought and Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Thought and Social Change - Essay Example Several theorists have contributed to the comprehensive view of social change, not confining the understanding of social change as associated with globalization alone. Of these theorists come three of the pillars of sociology, whose thoughts have been applied even today. These theorists include Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim. Their concepts might have some strands of divergence, yet these concepts were converged to forming a single praxis for academic integration. According to Daniel Bell (1999 cited in Kalantzis & Kope, 2008), a sociologist from Harvard University, â€Å"post-industrial society† is a term coined to refer to â€Å"new principles of innovations, new modes of social organization, and [the emergence of the] new classes in society†¦ [highly featuring] the codification of theoretical knowledge and the new relation of science to technology.† In addition, the post-industrial society is also characterized by a rapid-growing service sector with a focus on information dissemination and modern technological drives that utilize extensively human knowledge and not human muscles (Bell, 1973, p.127). During Marx’s time, the dominating classes involved in the production system are the proletariats and the bourgeoisie, with the latter own the means of production. In the post-industrial society, a large and a growing number of workers are working not in factories of goods production but in service industries, all of wh ich are using their intellects and technical capabilities instead of physical strength. This class of workers, most are professionals, are what Bell calls the new class.

Literary Response #5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Response #5 - Essay Example In Brooks’ poem ‘a song in the front yard’ she impressionistically compares her life and childhood as one of growing up the front yard. For Brooks, the front yard represents a conservative take on life, one that is in-direct opposition to the more daring backyard life experienced by other individuals, or members of her neighborhood. In her description one witnesses the subtle references to life as a member of a poor urban culture. Brooks writes, â€Å"I’d like to be a bad woman, too,/ And wear the brave stockings of night-black lace/ And strut down the streets with paint on my face† (Brooks, 18-20). While it’s definitively unclear if Brooks is referring to street hookers, one can reasonably assume this is the reference that is developed. In these regards, these concluding lines of the poem are effective in demonstrating black urban life; as such imagery is distinct to more cosmopolitan areas, and also poor urban life. Characteristic of Brooks poetry, the lines are simple and easily understood, contributing to their effectiveness in describing her particular milieu. Brooks’ advances her description of black urban life in a more concise and lyrical poem, ‘We Real Cool’. This poem adopts a structure that some might indicate is akin to beat poetry, or even jazz inspired. Through short, descriptive phrases, Brooks offers a satirical look at men who frequent a pool hall in her urban neighborhood. She writes, â€Å"We Sing sin./ We  Thin gin./ We Jazz June. We/ Die soon† (Brooks, 4-8). While the descriptive qualities of these lines and indeed the entire poem are sparse, their poetic and impressionistic quality are effective in creating a vision of the true reality of the poor urban landscape, and the perspectives contained therein, that traditional descriptive methods may not be as creatively successful in articulating. In the ‘Bean Eaters’ Brooks continues her exploration of the black urban landscape, this time examining what appears to

Environmental Issues that impact the Western United States Research Paper

Environmental Issues that impact the Western United States - Research Paper Example America is one of the prominent nuclear powers in the world and its nuclear power plants are generating immense nuclear wastes which are dumped into seas. Moreover, the fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides used to improve the agricultural yields, are polluting the soil and water. Western United States is a region which is facing big environmental problems as a result of visionless industrial and agricultural policies. This paper briefly analyses the environmental problems of Western America and provides some recommendations to overcome it. Environmental problems in western America Mining is one of the major activities which cause severe environmental problems in Western America. Mining started in America in the nineteenth century and western America is a region which is blessed with precious metals like gold and minerals. The gold rush in the nineteenth century resulted in the construction of rail, roads and other transportation means and many of the natural forests were destroyed. Some of the cities like Denver and Sacramento evolved as mining towns during this period. Contamination of soil and water, erosion, destruction of biodiversity etc were the outcomes of gold rush or mining. Mining is a process which requires the use of lot of chemicals to purify the metals and minerals mined out of the soil. These chemicals often pollute the soil and water. A scoping study conducted by the Western Governors' Association Mine Waste Task Force (1) collected the following statistics on inactive and abandoned mines (IAMs) by state: Arizona -- 80,000 IAM sites covering 136,653 acres, pollution 200 miles of surface waterways. California -- 2,484 IAM sites, 1,685 mine openings, and 578 miles of polluted streams. Colorado -- 20,299 mine openings and 1,298 miles of affected streams. Idaho -- 27,543 acres affected by IAMs. Missouri -- 7,655 IAM sites covering 48,175 acres, with 109 miles of affected streams. Montana -- 20,000 IAM sites covering 153,800 acres, with 1,118 miles of stream damage. New Mexico -- 25,320 acres and 69 miles of stream affected by IAMs. Oklahoma -- 26,453 acres affected by IAMs. Utah -- 25,020 acres affected by IAMs, with 83 miles of polluted streams. Of this total volume, approximately 85 percent is attributed to copper, iron ore, uranium, and phosphate mining and related activities. Approximately one-half of the waste generated is mining waste and one-third is tailings, with the balance consisting of dump/heap leaching wastes and mine water (Durkin and Herrmann, n. d) Even though mine waste problems affect the environment in numerous ways, acid mine drainage is the most serious problem arises as a result of mining. Mine wastes may engage in serious chemical reactions with other elements present in soil, rock water etc. For example, the major constituent of rock is ferrous sulphide which could be oxidized to form hydrogen ion when mine wastes react with it in the presence of water. Since hydrogen ions can easily react with water to form different types of acids, and thereby the acidity of the soil would be increased a lot. Acids have the ability to react with different types of metals and elements present in soil and water. In other worlds, when the acidity increases in the soil, lot of unwanted or poisonous materials can be generated. In short, mining indirectly pollute the water and the soil near the mining areas. The agriculture in Western United States mostly depends

Whistle Blowing Essay Example for Free

Whistle Blowing Essay Write a report explaining the importance of ensuring children and young peoples safety and protection in the work setting. The report needs to cover the following sections:Section 1: InductionExplain why it is important to ensure children and young people are protected from harm in the work setting. As part of the Working Together to Safeguard children, organisations and individuals have a responsibility to work together to safeguard the well-being and welfare of all children and young people in their care. This of course, includes looking after the health, well-being and welfare while they are in the school environment. Everyone who works within a setting and cares for children and young people have clear responsibilities to; Protect children and young people from harm.  Help children to build tools to protect, understand and have the knowledge to some extent safeguard themselves and others. Promote the welfare of all children and young people they work with. The policies and procedures that are in place help train, guide and allow everyone who works with children and young people to help ensure that they are not put at risk from things such as neglect, abuse or bullying. Policies and procedures are also in place to protect the health and safety of everyone in a school setting, this can be for example staff carrying out risk assessments for activities in school. Every member of staff working in a setting can help children and young people to gain knowledge and achieve some level of understanding in how to protect themselves. This can be done through daily teaching, assemblies and play and break times. Section 2: Describe the policies and procedures that are in place to protect children and young people and the adults who work with them. There are many policies and procedures in place to protect children and young people and also the adults who work with them. Here are some examples; Safeguarding The Childrens Act 2004 is in place to make the UK a safer and better place for children and young people. Everyone who works within a setting  should know what to do if a child or young person makes a disclosure or they have a suspicion about the behaviour/general well being of someone in their care. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 was introduced to make sure that staff in working environments know and understand the requirements and responsibilities in making sure that the working environment is a safe place to be. This Act covers things such as; Teaching children how to use sports and play equipment correctly. Ensuring that the children know, for example, what the correct clothing is when using apparatus. Explaining and practising a Fire Drill. Teaching children and young people to move through the school in a safe manner, e.g. to run and not to run. This Act also covers areas such as COSSH, Manual Handling Regulations And Workplace Safety. Risk Assessments It would be impossible to make every area of the school completely safe and never expect anything to happen. Risk assessing activities and experiences in school is incredibly important and all school settings will carry out risk assessments on activities in school, equipment used in school, for example PE Equipment, Art and Craft tools and even on trips outside of the school environment. Anti-bullying Every school will have an anti-bullying policy in place. Children maybe involved in things such as school council or drawing and putting up anti-bullying posters around the school. Children can be rewarded for offering friendship to others and some settings have a friendship bench or area for children or young people to go to if they feel lonely or upset. Food and Hygiene Teaching and reminding children and young people to wash their hands after using the toilet. This will help to reduce chance of illnesses and  infections being passed on. Washing hands before being included in cookery lessons. Having a policy in place for how soon a child or adult can return to school after a bout of sickness and diarrhoea. Having a dental nurse or dentist visit the school to teach the children about cleaning teeth properly. The school, headteacher and governing board are legally responsible for making sure all of the policies and procedures are in place and followed by staff, visitors and volunteers. For example, all Risk Assessments are signed by the Headteacher and also by the Governors. Annual Reports and Audits are carried out by the Headteacher and passed to the governing board and the Local Authority. The Local Authority will also carry out their own reports, visits and audits annually. Section 3:Explain how practitioners can take steps to protect themselves within their everyday practice in the work setting during both on-site and off-site visits.When working in a school setting it is an important part of any employee’s job to read and be familiar with the policies and procedures in place to protect themselves and the children and young people in their care. Adequate training should also be provided by the Headteacher, Governing Board and Local Authority to ensure the messages from these policies and procedures are clear and followed. When working at school, you can help to protect yourself by following theses steps; Read, understand and always follow your schools policies and procedures. If you do not understand any of them in place, ask your direct line manager or Headteacher for advice.   Always sign into school on arrival and again on departure. At Barnham Primary, sign in and sign out books are stored by reception and must be filled in every time staff or visitors enter or leave the building. All children and young people at school should have their registers arrival and departure times recorded in the class registers. Always wear a clear name badge and ensure all visitors, volunteers also do the same.   Always avoid, if you can being alone in a classroom with one child. Sometimes in school, you may find yourself working one to one with a child. It is important to consider how to work safely whilst carrying out this work. You should try and keep yourself in a visible position, for example in the corner of the classroom or in view of a witness. If you are working in an empty classroom, chose a space near an open door and in view of anyone walking past. Keep an eye on your body language, position and closeness to the child. If a child or young person is late at school and delayed in going home, two members of staff must remain at school and with them until their parent or carer collects them. If an incident or accident occurs at school they should be written up on the appropriate paperwork and stored in the correct folder. At Barnham Primary the paperwork for accidents is kept in the staff room and must be filled in by the person who witnessed the accident and then signed by the class teacher. A detachable part of the form is then sent home with the child and this is especially important for any head injuries. Any behaviour incidents that require writing up and recording need to be seen by the class teacher and the headteacher.   If you are ever involved in an off-site visit you need to protect yourself by; Always follow the policies and procedures for off site visits set up by your school. The class teacher will have completed a risk assessment for the trip so make sure that you are familiar with key points and anything that you may need to be extra vigilant about. An off site trip may include, using seatbelts on a coach, planning for toilet stops, dealing with a sick child and walking with large groups of children outside. All of these will be included on the risk assessment. Always ensure that the off site trip has been agreed with the Headteacher. Over night stays will need to have the approval of the governing board also.  Parental consent must also be given by parents and carers for all school trips. Any children who are not permitted on off site trips have to remain in school and adequate cover must be provided in school to ensure that they are looked after. It will be the job of the Headteacher to ensure that any off site trip is covered by adequate insurance. There is no legal requirement for staff to pupil ratio on off site trips. However it is important to stay within the guidance of Ofsted. They recommend a ratio of 1 adult to every 15 primary school age children. Often on off site trips, parent helpers and volunteers are encouraged and with this help this ratio is greatly reduced and therefore helps increase the safety of the trip. When the trip is taking place, ensure that a fully stocked first aid kit is taken. At Barnham Primary a First Aid bum-bag is provided and carried on all trips. A current and up to date list of all children and their emergency contacts and any medical issues is also taken on every trip. This must be taken in case of any injury, accident or illness so parents and carers can be contacted quickly. Section 4:Research, evaluate and explain ways in which concerns about poor practice can be reported, including protective measures for whistle blowers and those whose practice or behaviour is being questioned. At every school or setting there should be policies and procedures for everyone to follow on whistle-blowing. A whistle blower can be defined as a person who tells the public or someone in authority about an alleged incident or illegal activity. Whistle-blowing policies and procedures are in place to provide some level of protection for the person in the work place who raises the concern. They aim to protect the person from victimisation or any form of other punishment  when they have only raised their genuine concerns. Once a whistle-blower has raised their concerns and from that do suffer from Victimisation, then that person maybe able to take their case further and go to an Employment Tribunal. However this is only in more serious cases. At Barnham Primary school if there are any concerns about an alleged incident, misconduct or malpractice then it should in he first instance, it should be reported to the persons line manager or supervisor. It is important to remember that anything reported under these circumstances will be treated with confidentiality. To be protected as a whistle-blower they need to make a ‘qualifying disclosure’ about an alleged incident, misconduct or malpractice. For example this could be; Criminal offences Failure to comply with a legal obligation Miscarriages of justice Threats to an individual’s health and safety Damage to the environment A deliberate attempt to cover up any of the above. A qualifying whistle-blower will be protected only if they report their concern to the appropriate person and in the correct way. If an employee or whistle-blower wishes to raise a genuine concern, this is the procedure that must be followed; Staff need to act in good faith when they suspect any level of misconduct or malpractice. The whistle-blower needs to really think through what their concern and think through why the issue is worrying them and why. It is a serious procedure to follow so it should not be taken lightly. Their concerns will in the first instance, report their concerns to their line manager or supervisor. This could be a teacher, senior teacher, head of year or Headteacher. It is important to pick a time of day where time can be given to discuss the issue, so it is a good idea to chose a time carefully.   Before talking to a senior member of staff, the whistle-blower should take the time to write their concerns down. Ti could for example include a detailed report or diary of events. It should include as much detail as possible, for example; background details history names dates and times witnesses places and locations. If the concerns raised are deemed as genuine and there is cause for concern, then an investigation into the alleged incident will begin.   During an investigation period, both the whistle-blower and the accused will be continually supported and informed of the any progress that has been made. The investigation, depending on its level of severity may be carried out by a senior member of staff or someone from the local authority. A Barnham Primary, the SDP (Senior Designated Person) and the Headteacher will be the main contacts to go to if any allegations against a staff member are made.   A time-scale should always be put in place and shard with both the whistle-blower and the accused should have a full understanding of how long the process will be.   During the time of the investigation, both parties should be offered support and opportunity to discuss confidentiality any issues that may have arisen since the incident was disclosed and the investigation began. This would be time for either party to discuss if they have been treated any  differently or unfairly since it began. It is also important to make both parties aware that they have the right to be accompanied at any interview by a trade union representative or work colleague. As well as the whistle-blower being able to give their version of events, it is only fair that the accused can also defend any complaints and give a detailed version of their version of events. Under the Data Protection Act, all information given by both parties involved must be kept confidentially and the investigation must be reflect this and be carried out discreetly.   If a whistle-blower feels as if nothing happens about their concerns then they have the right to contact further services for help. This could be the local school authority of Ofsted.   If the accused is found guilty of the misconduct, incident or malpractice, plans would need to be put in place. In some more serious case the person maybe dismissed from their job, but in other cases support maybe put in place to improve areas of concern. For example, this could be retraining in the area of concern or providing more support in their job role. On the other hand if there is no substance to the allegation, support will also need to be given. This maybe dealing with the emotional stress of being accused of something they did not do, being socially excluded again for something they didn’t do. It may be necessary to offer counselling or mediation between the whistle-blower and the accused to try and re-build the working relationship after the investigation has finished. As serious as this process is, it is very important that whistle-blowers are protected. To be able to provide a safe, healthy environment for education, any malpractice, incidents or misconduct must be taken seriously and people must feel the need to speak out and raise their concerns.

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent Falls

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent Falls This chapter deals with the information collected in relation to the present study through published and unpublished materials for foundation, to prepare and to carry out the research work. SECTION A: Reviews related to need of exercise programme SECTION B: Reviews related to effect of age on balance SECTION C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance A: Reviews related to needs of exercise programme. Gardner, M.M.et al., (2000) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme in preventing falls. The design used for this study was controlled clinical trials. A total of 4933 older adults were participated, including both Men and women.11 trials met the criteria for inclusion, in which 8 of them were separate exercise interventions. Out of 8, five of them showed a significant reduction in falls rate. The conclusion of this study was, exercise is effective in reducing the fall risk in selected groups. Faber, MJ.et al.,(2006) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on mobility and falls among prefrail and frail older people. The design used for this study was multicenter randomized controlled study. The setting of the study was 15 long term care centers in Amsterdumin Netherland. 278 men and women (mean age ±SD, 85 ±6y) were included in the study. Exercise programmes were randomly distributed across 15 Homes. Each home participant was assigned to an intervention group and control group. The main outcome measures were performance oriented mobility assessment, physical performance score, and the Groningen activity restriction scale. Fall incidence was higher in control group 2.5 falls/year, but in case of experimental group2.4 falls/year. The conclusion of this study was fall incidences were higher in elderly people, who didn’t undergo exercise programme as compared to experimental group. Sherrington,C.et al.,(2008) conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis among old age people to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on falls and to find out any particular components are associated with reduction in falls. The design used for this study was systematic review with Meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials that compaired falls rate in older people of both experimental group and control group. The pooled estimate effect of exercise was that it reduces the incidence of falls rate by 17% with 95% confidence interval p Theou, O.et al., (2011) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of current exercise programme on frailty management. The study design was systematic review. For the randomized controlled trial 8 electronic databases were searched, which helps to identify the participants were frail either in title, abstract, text, or in exercise. Three of the 47 studies utilized a validated definition of fragility to categorize the participants. Evidence suggested that exercise had a positive impact on functional ability outcomes. Cadore, E.L. et al., (2013) conducted a study to review the effect of exercise on functional ability of frail older adults. The study mainly focused on falls rate, lower body strength, and gait and balance. The data were collected from science direct, Medline from 1990-2012.Twenty studies were investigated, in that ten trials were mainly regarding the effect of exercise on balance performance and seven of them showed enhanced balance. As conclusion the authors says that there was great significance in multicomponent exercise intervention on gait ability, balance, strength, and reduction of falls rate among physically frail older adults. Fairhall,G., et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the perspectives of older people in a community falls prevention programme. The design used for this study was grounded theory approach. The intervention was based on 2 hour sessions, which took place in a community group setting once a week for 7 weeks. The cohorts of the older people were recruited through editorials in local papers and from mail shots. The volunteering older persons were to be more than 70 years, with previous history of falls or have concerned about falling. Participants were interviewed after 3 months following the fall prevention programme. The participants were able to recall all the aspect of content learning during the programme. From those interventions, exercise was the only beneficial and enjoyable intervention to the participants. The conclusion of the study reveals that exercise is one of an important fall prevention programme. Seoa B.D et al., (2008) conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of resistance and balance exercise for the reduction of fall risk among elderly females above the age group of 65 years. The design adopted for the study was single blind controlled trial, conducted for 12 weeks with pre and post exercise assessment. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: resistance-training group, balance training group, and control group. The first two group showed significant improvement in balance as compared to control group after the intervention(p Debolt, L.S et al., (2004) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of home based resistance exercise programme on mobility, power and balance in people with multiple sclerosis. The study was conducted in general community. The design used for this study was experimental group design. The sample size was twenty seven.19 of them were women and 8 of them were men.The group randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent resistance exercise programme and control group for normal physical activity. The results of the study assessed by using, mobility assessment with the Up and Go test scale and leg extensor power rig. According to pretest score 3.19 and for posttest score was 3.95. So the authors concluded that home based resistance exercise training is effective to improve the leg extensor power within a short period of time. B: Reviews related to the effects of age on balance Teimoori,A.et al., (2012) conducted a study to examine the age at which loss of muscle velocity, balance in adult healthy Iranian Females.928 Iranian female participated in this study. They were in the age group of 20-26 years. The participants were divided in to four age groups. Balance ,velocity were assessed for each group according to the age group and timed by digital stop watch. The study showed that, between the age group of 23-30 years the muscle velocity and balance were same. But in case of 40 age group balance and muscle velocity were declined. By using one way ANOVA test balance and muscle velocity were differed with pnd and 3rddecades.The authors identified that age, balance, and muscle velocity had significant relationship with aging Tiffani E et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the association between measures of dynamic and static balance and performance of mobility task in elderly people of Western Carolina University. The design used was cross sectional analysis. The subjects were 195 community dwelling participants. Associations between balance and mobility measures were examined by using correlation and regression. Dynamic and static balance were moderately associated(r=-.462).Regression age and balance were significant predictors of walking speed outcome. The authors concluded that, assessment of dynamic and static balance is an important, to know the physical functioning and mobility of elderly people. Abrahamova,D. et al., conducted a study to examine aspects of balance control changes with age. The subjects participated for the study was between the age group (20-82).Centre of foot pressure positions used to evaluate body sway during a 50 second interval. Seven cop parameters were used to assess quiet stance and were analyzed in three groups. The regression analysis showed evident increase of body sway over 60 years of age. The normality of distribution of each cop parameter was examined by using the Kolmogorov –smirnov test. Mann Whitney test was used to analyze the differences between the age groups, if not normally distributed. If the cop parameters were normally distributed than two ways. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between the age groups. The level of significance was set at p Gomes,M.M al., (2012) conducted a study to analyze the postural control at different age. The aim of the study is to evaluate static and dynamic balance as well as the pattern of muscle activation in elderly women from different age groups. A total of 57 women, divided in to 3 groups according to their age. Group 1(n) =17, group2 (n) =20, group3 (n) =20.The center of pressure were analyzed. According to the age group, the participants showed similar displacement and muscle activation during static posture and dynamic posture. As by conclusion, the study proved that aging had an influence on balance and posture among elderly group. Osama, B et al., (2004) conducted a study on 30 normal elderly individuals and 40 normal young adults between the age group of (20-40) years. The purpose of this study was to know the balance in elderly, and to compare postural stability, balance control and gait pattern in normal elderly persons to those of normal young adults. All participants were subjected to history taking, full routine balance test and functional test. When comparing the balance scales there was a significant difference between the two groups were noticed. (p=0.005).From this study, the results proved that there was a significant decrease in scores of different balance scales in elderly persons compared to young adults, besides that there was significant decrease in percent of maximum stability and was lesser in older subjects as compared to younger subjects C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance Knerl,CJ et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the effect of 6 weeks of balance training and strength training on dynamic balance in older adults.51 seniors were participated.(17male and 34 females) between the age group of 60 and 93 years. Participants were divided in to 4 groups. 3 treatment groups and one control group. Each group were tested on measures of dynamic balance, flexibility and strength before and after 6 weeks of the exercise programme by using the outcome measures like Fullerton advanced balance scale. Repeated ANOVA’S shows that upper body strength and lower body flexibility including balance increased significantly (p Gusi,et al., (2013) conducted a study to determine the effects of balance training protocol with the balance system in institutionalized older people. 40 older adults were involved in study. The experimental group completed 12 week balance training protocol,2 sessions per week. Both the groups ‘received the same multidisciplinary care. The outcome measures were dynamic balance with the use of fall risk scale. The outcome measures were measured before and after the intervention. As compaired to control group, the experimental group had greater improvement at 12 weeks in case of dynamic balance. By conclusion the authors says that exercise programme was feasible on dynamic balance in institutionalized older people. More, T.S, Rao, K., et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of 10 weeks of balance and strength training on dynamic balance of older adults. The study design was randomized controlled trial consists of 52 older adults between the age group of (60-75) years with having poor balance and strength. They were divided in to strength training group (Group A), balance training group (Group B) and combination group(Group C).The duration of the training programme was 10 weeks. Outcome measures used were berg balance scale and senior fitness scale. Within the group statistical analysis done by using paired t test within the groups, which shows that marked improvement in all age groups with (p Ullumen, G et al., (2010) conducted a study to examine the effects of exercise in improving balance, balance confidence and mobility in elderly people. The design used for this study was randomized control trial. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental group(n=25) and control group(n=22).The experimental group were attended 5 week of exercise programme,60 minutes 3 times per week. The outcome measures were (timed up and go), balance confidence scale, falls efficacy scale. Pretest and post test were conducted. After the intervention, in experimental group balance (p=0.030) and mobility (p=0.042) were increased, while fear of falling (p=0.042) decreased significantly. The participants of experimental group showed improvements in balance confidence (p=0.054).As by conclusion the researchers suggests that exercises are an effective way to improve mobility and balance, thus by reducing the risk of falling among community –dwelling elderly people. Zamanian, F., (2011) conducted a study to investigate the effects of balance exercise training on fall risk and postural control among older adults especially women.40 elderly people were participated in this study. The static balance and fall risk were measured by using Tandem and semi-tandem test, berg balance scale questionare.The subjects were divided in to experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent 8 weeks of exercise programme. The control group didn’t participate in any of training programme. Outcome measures were analyzed after the intervention. Comparison was carried out by using paired t test and independent t test and correlation analyzed by Pearson correlation. After balance training the ability of older women in semi tandem and in tandem position was (p=0.007) and (p=0.02) respectively. So from this study, the authors concluded that balance control improves the postural control and reduces the risk of fall in older women (p=0.001). Helbostard, JL et al., (2004) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of home training exercises on functional abilities of old aged people with functional disabilities and balance problems. The design adopted for this Study was randomized trial with 77 persons aged 75 or more than that. Home training and combined training group were included in this study, for a period of 12 weeks. The exercises, rate of falls and balance functions were assessed with the outcome measures like Timed up and Go test, Maximum step length and timed pick up and sit to stand(p Bird, M et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the long term effects of a multicomponent exercise on balance ,mobility, and exercise behavior among healthy older adults between the age group of (65-75) years. The design used for the study was randomized control intervention. The duration of the study was 12 months. Differences between those subjects, who continued to exercise and those who discontinued were investigated. The subjects who continued exercise had significantly greater improvement in strength after the intervention as compaired to those who discontinued. (p=0.004) Bird, M.L et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of a Pilates intervention on balance and function among community dwelling older adults above 60 years. The design used was randomized cross over study for 16 weeks, conducted in university exercise clinic. Community dwelling older adults (n=32) were selected. Out of 32, 27 were completed the intervention. Participants were allocated to either 5 weeks of a group Pilates training intervention for experimental group and 5 weeks of usual activity for control. After the 6 week, subjects performed alternate intervention. The outcome measures were 4 square test and Timed up and Go test. The results revealed that there was a significant improvement in static and dynamic balance from pre post Pilates (p Bulat, T et al (2007) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of group functional balance training on balance outcomes in community dwelling elderly people. The study was conducted in Haley Veterans hospital in USA. The research design adopted for this study was one group pretest post-test. The participated study subjects were 51.These study subjects were participated in functional balance training programme once in a week and it lasts for a period of eight weeks.1 hour classes were conducted weekly ones.84% of elderly people were completed five or more classes weekly. The outcome measures were evaluated by using berg balance scale, Limits of stability, before and after the balance training classes. The result of the study reveals that, there was a significant improvement in the Berg Balance Scale (p

Using Profitability Ratios To Evaluate A Businesses Overall Financial Performance

Using Profitability Ratios To Evaluate A Businesses Overall Financial Performance While profitability ratios evaluate a business overall financial performance through appraising its capability to produce revenues in surplus of service costs as well as other expenses. There are at least four profitability ratios, which they are gross profit margin, as well net profit margin, besides return on assets, in addition to return on equity. These ratios are used to assess performance and, with other data, forecast prospect profitability. Along with that is the future viability in addition to the soundness, which will repay loans as well as credit, additionally pay interest along with dividends. Since profits are divided amongst shares, the profit per share indicates possible dividend. However, there are varieties of elements that might be utilized to assess profitability. As instance, financial analysts service can use return on equity, or else yield to cost as assessment of profitability. Neglecting of the element utilized, these ratios might be a wealth of interaction among Business firms along with its competitors; is also useful to find an Industry enterprises profitability ratio in excess of time to appraise performance. The profitability ratios are so important to several professionals such like, managers who utilize ratios to promote analyze. In addition to Credit analysts such the same as credit managers or else bank loan officers. And also for stock analysts. There are some limitations of Profitability ratios, which were observed, like as; out of dated data in financial statement. As well as business firms can use different accounting policies. Besides summarized data in accounts. In addition to use of Creative Accounting. Along with inflation. Also we can add interpretation of the ratios is not a science. Plus different market along with financial risk profiles. At the end there is an impact of seasonality on trading. Moreover, some recommendations were enclosed, such like; Developing as well enhancing such performance orientated targets for all of profitable ratio imperative issues. Besides Understanding of the scope along with dimensions of the profitable ratio consciousness. In addition to elevate awareness of the consequences of profitable ratio posed by their risksÙ . Along with extension of appropriate approaches to contest profitable ratio understanding. Finally, to Identify resources available to ensure creditability to a better understanding of profitable ratios. Table Of Contents Introduction: Identifying the Four profitability ratios Profitability ratios Definition: 1) Gross profit margin 2) Net profit margin, 3) Return on assets, 4) Return on equity: Profitability ratios measurements: The role of the Profitability ratios: The limitations of Profitability ratios: Conclusions: Recommendations: References: Text Books: Web Sites: Introduction: An accounting ratio is made via dividing one-account transactions into another. The aim is to achieve a comparison that is easy as well as beneficial to clarify. Evaluate ratios for one Industry enterprise over several years. A graph of the ratio may allow a long-term trend. The same ratio is from many firms of similar size in the same industry. These ratios are used to assess performance and, with other data, forecast prospect profitability. Along with that is the future viability in addition to the soundness, which will repay loans as well as credit, additionally pay interest along with dividends. Since profits are divided amongst shares, the profit per share indicates possible dividend. Identifying the Four profitability ratios As we can clarify at this point that profitability ratios evaluate a business overall financial performance through assessing its capacity to make income more than operating costs as well as other expenses. There are at least four profitability ratios, which they are gross profit margin, as well net profit margin, besides return on assets, in addition to return on equity. Profitability ratios Definition: 1) Gross profit margin It demonstrates how well the business is efficiently producing or else providing products as well as services. It shows how well products are priced given the proper otherwise variable costs it takes to create or even give them. The better is the ratio; the higher is the profit potential. Therefore, the higher the gross margin, the more of a premium a Business firm charges for its products or else services. The higher the Gross Profit Margin the more success of an Industry enterprise will be at paying off expenses along with building savings. On the other words, it is simply net income divided via revenues. It shows the distribution of each sequence in sales that may in fact be kept such like earnings. A high profit margin evaluated to peers in the industry implies that the Business firm has different species of competitive advantage in parallel to their competitors, who are utilizing the costs better, proprietary knowledge, brand recognition, etc. While a good sign, it is up toward the person analyzing the shares to be able to prove that an Industry enterprise essentially does have a sustainable competitive advantage. Another significant trend is an accumulating profit margin, which effect that the Business firm is developing its competitive environment in the business. Profit margins might be also is utilized to assess whether growing earnings are useful for the Industry enterprise. Earnings growth along with a reduction in profit margin is an indicator, which the Business firms earnings growth may not be sustainable. 2) Net profit margin, It deals with the profits after taxes for the annual sales. Therefore, the higher ratio is, the better assisted the organization is to get downtrends brought on via adverse conditions. On the other words, the higher the Net Profit Margin the more efficiency the Industry enterprise is. Since the higher the percentage, the better the Business firm is at operating costs. Since the average profit margins different between industries, as well net profit margin might be utilized to evaluate firms within the same area or even part. Furthermore, it can also be utilized to establish the profitability of an Industry enterprise over time through comparing actual profit margin numbers toward recent ones. Furthermore, it illustrates the lowest level in profitability; the quantity of every sales proceeds is at last available pull out of the business or else to perform as dividends. 3) Return on assets, This ratio shows the after tax earnings of assets moreover it is an indicator of how successful a Business firm is. Thus, Return on assets ratio should be the primary indicator of the successful of an Industry enterprise. On the other hand, it indicates how well the business is using its assets to generate more revenue through relating how much profit (before interest along with income tax) the business earned headed for the total capital used to do that profit. It gets along with net profits after taxes within the assets utilized to justify such profits. A high percentage rate will tell you the Business firm are well run moreover it has a thriving return on assets. It can be used to assess rates of return with other investments, which might be implemented. Since it is just same as in the amended net turnover percentage described earlier, ROA adjusts for the effects of debt financing via taking off the after-tax impacts of interest expense. Moreover, it may additionally be utilized t o assess profitability across Industry enterprises along with over different times. It is the other part of the balance sheet from equity. One-way or even another, its effect is on determining whether to invest in a Business firm is indirect at best. 4) Return on equity: The most influential profitability ratio commencing an investors purpose is the return on equity (ROE) ratio. Moreover, it is always called ROI, as return on investment ratio; as a result, it may cause the yearly rate of return in the direction of the Industry enterprises investors otherwise owners. Return on equity represents the residual interest that is available to owners after deducting all other financing costs. Moreover, it is determined through dividing net income via owners equity. However, net income is listed at the end of the income statement since owners equity. It is encompassing the three main areas where investors can calculate the Business firms profitability, asset management as well as financial advantage. ROE represents the administrations ability to consider these three pillars of corporate management along with investors will get a feel of whether they will receive a fair return on equity as well as determine the administrations ability to perform. In short, thi s ratio tells the owner whether all the effort put into the business has been helpful. All other things, which are being objective, the more worth the ROE the achievable the Industry enterprise besides the more help you are getting from the industry you are putting into running it. Profitability ratios measurements: Financial ratio measures the Business firms aptitude to create revenues in surplus of working along with other expenses. Profitability ratios are used to calculate the profitability of an Industry enterprise besides it is necessary to evaluate the performance of a Business firm. Profitability ratios are ways to evaluate an Industry enterprises capacity to make money, as a profit for its investments chances. However, there are varieties of elements that might be utilized to assess profitability. As instance, financial analysts service can use return on equity, or else yield to cost as assessment of profitability. Neglecting of the element utilized, these ratios might be a wealth of interaction among Business firms along with its competitors; is also useful to find an Industry enterprises profitability ratio more than point in time to quantify performance. Therefore, for such firms with seasonal swings in earnings, though, this model may fall short. Profitability ratios are above all u sed to determine the value earned through a Business firm relation toward its sales, net profit in addition to total assets. However, these profitability ratios measure as per the following: 1) Gross profit margin ratio is a measurement of how much funds, being after costs of products sold, are left behind for different costs. It is calculated as follows: Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit / Total Income 2) The net profit margin ratio measures the value might be available for distributing within owners after paying all the costs within a specified time. It indicates the importance of all transactions actions conducted within a given time, such as business, administration, selling, financing, and pricing, along with tax management. It is calculated as follows: Net Profit Margin = Net Profit / Net Sales 3) Return on Assets can be classified as it measures the net income over the Industry enterprises average assets. Moreover, it measures how well a Business firm is utilizing its assets. Therefore, a higher Return on Assets ratio shows the Industry enterprise is more effective at using its assets to generate income. Further (ROA) ratio can be calculated by using the following formula, which is= Net Profit after Taxes à · Total Assets 4) Return on Equity is calculated as net income divided via owners equity. Furthermore, it is a measurement of how much income a Business firm is generating on the money invested through the owners of the Industry enterprise. A high ROE is an indicator whereas funds can be put into investment in having the Business firm is well spent. The mathematical formula for return on equity is; Return on Equity = Net Income / Shareholder Equity The role of the Profitability ratios: Such ratios might be used to evaluate the profitability of an Industry enterprise in addition to it is necessary to measure the compliance of a Business firm. Profitability ratios are first used to determine the value earned via an Industry enterprise association toward its sales, network standards as well as total assets. Ratio analysis is used through three principle groups: 1) Credit analysts such the same as credit managers or else bank loan officers who analyze ratios in assisting to start a Business firms capacity to create its existing debts. 2) Stock analysts, these people who are having the interest within Industry enterprise productivity besides growth prospects comparing a Business firms ratios to industry ratios provides a convenient tool how the Industry enterprise measures up toward its competitors. Nevertheless, it is still true that Business firm specific differences can result in deviations from industry norms. 3) Managers who utilize ratios to promote analyze, as well control, and thus increase the Industry enterprises operations. The most effective way to evaluate ratios involves trend analysis: to calculate ratios for a Business firm over several years besides to take note of how they change over time. Trend analysis avoids cross-Industry enterprise in addition to cross-industry comparisons, enabling the analyst to reach conclusions about the Business firms financial condition along with its variation over time. The limitations of Profitability ratios: Thought ratio analysis may offer valuable information concerning an Industry enterprises operations as well as financial condition; it has some limitations, which can be classified as potential problems are listed below: 1. Out of dated data in financial statement As we can observe that the numbers of accounts are likewise to be minimal several months later, besides so might not get a real indication of the Business firms current financial situation. In addition, since the Balance Sheet is simply a snapshot of business at a particular time, any ratio based on the figures contained within the Balance Sheet might not be as an indicator of the financial position of the Industry enterprise for the year as a whole. For example, it is common for a seasonal business to have a year-end, which coincides with a low level of business activity. Thus, stocks as well as debtors may be reduced in the Balance Sheet because of this. 2. Business firms can use different accounting policies The choices of accounting policies may distort inter-Industry enterprise comparisons. Accounting law allows Business firms to exercise some caution when preparing accounts. Industry enterprises should be consistent with their own policies, not changing how they make their accounts each year, but this does not mean that will use the same policies, as rival Business firms. This argument makes inter Industry enterprise comparisons potentially most difficult. 3. Summarized data in accounts Ratios are on financial statements that are concluding of the accounting records. Therefore, it is through the summarization some relevant information might be left out that may have been of related toward the users of accounts. 4. Use of Creative Accounting The businesses include creative accounting in trying to explain the improving economic performance otherwise state that can be misleading in the direction of the users of financial accounting. These are techniques applied through a Business firm in order to create a strong financial position. 5. Inflation Comparison of performance over time can be distorted through inflation, which leads to price increases. Inflation makes comparisons of outputs over time false, as financial indicators might not be in a straight-line equivalent. Changes in results one year to the next, such as increases in revenue as well as net profit may indicate that the business has improved its authority when in fact increases may have resulted from inflation not improved sales. 6. Interpretation of the ratios is not a science. As we have seen it is hard to take a broad view about whether a exacting ratio is good or even bad. For example, a strong Acid Test Ratio may indicate a strong liquidity position, which is true or then again excessive funds that are offensive. In the same way, either a high gearing ratio may present an Industry enterprise that uses its borrowing for development proficiently or even slightly, one that is up toward its neck in debt besides cannot afford to repay its loans. 7. Different market along with financial risk profiles No two firms are the same, besides they can be markedly different. One excellent source of the difference is the kind of business the Industry enterprise operates in it. All of these will affect profit margins as well as prices, even when examining competitors in the same area or even market, using ratios to evaluate one Business firm with another could cause inaccurate information. Two Industry enterprises may be the same profession but have different financial risk profiles. One Business firm might be advantageous to get bank loans at better rates, is therefore borrowing to develop also will show high gearing levels, while another Industry enterprise may be judged not credit worthy, therefore will not be successful in obtaining loans along with it may seem that it is operating at low gearing level. An extremely fast analysis of the accounts might conduct Business firm two is in the maximum financial sources whenever in fact its less gearing field is since it cannot secure funding, whilst the first Industry enterprises superior gearing is part of a remarkably valuable business strategy. 8. Impact of seasonality on trading Financial statements are essentially on the part of the year that fluctuations that occur on a seasonal basis. Businesses, which are affected through seasons, might be chosen the right time to produce financial statements to show better results. For example, a maize growing Business activity will be able to demonstrate satisfactory outputs if accounts are generated in the thriving season. At this time, the business will have a decent stock levels in addition to bank balances will be at their highest. If results had been produced six months earlier the Business firm will have many liabilities, much lower cash balances besides fewer debtors about to pay. Conclusions: Ratio analysis is a valuable tool for judging a Business firms state, but those examining accounts should be aware of the problems described above besides it makes adjustments as necessary. Ratios analysis conducted without consideration of external influences also without realizing the potential for distortion is not convincing analysis. Nevertheless, if used wisely besides with good judgment, the use of ratios can provide a valuable understanding of an Industry enterprises operations. Profitability ratio analysis is extensively used via managers, creditors as well as investors. Used with caution as well as innovation, the technique might reveal much about a Business firm besides its operations. However, there are a few things to be never forgotten about ratios. Primarily, a ratio is only one odd divided through another, so it is difficult to understand that the mechanical calculation of one ratio, or even some ratios, will often provide valuable insights into an Industry enterprise. It is useful to think about ratios as in a detective story. One or even some ratios might be confusing, rather than when got together within different awareness of a Business firms management along with economic circumstances, profitability ratio analysis can tell us tremendously much. Recommendations: Recommendations may be concluded as the following: Developing as well enhancing such performance orientated targets for all of profitable ratio imperative issues. Understanding of the scope along with dimensions of the profitable ratio consciousness Elevate awareness of the consequences of profitable ratio posed by their risks. Extend appropriate approaches to contest profitable ratio understanding Identify resources available to ensure creditability to a better understanding of profitable ratios.

Fifteen Meditations on Masculinist Physico-Spiritual Experience :: Philosophical Philosophy essays

Fifteen Meditations on Masculinist Physico-Spiritual Experience I am not my body, I am not my mind, I am not my soul. I am the breath of life, I am the breath of God. A golden retriever was once abused by a man and rescued by a woman who had a daughter in an all-girls Catholic high school. I paid them a visit one day. The dog stood behind the clear plastic door, wagging her tail, but as I ascended the steps she suddenly soured, and by the time the door opened and I was inside, she was cowering under the dining room table where she stayed for the duration of my visit with intermittent miserable howls. "She won't have anything to do with men," my friend explained. Even the scent of testosterone has its spiritual message. Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. The founder of modern philosophy had a number of disciples who applied the master's theoretical teachings in the practical field of dog-torturing. They felt these experiments demonstrated the superiority of man as a spiritual creature. Rene Descartes wanted to rewrite the philosophical canon by asserting only what he knew to be true or could logically derive. Sequestered in a stove-heated room, he realized he could doubt that his body, or even the whole world, existed, but he could not doubt was that he was thinking. I think, therefore I am. Descartes is a spiritual, immaterial, thinking thing; the rest is mere body, a separate substance. Continuing in this vein, he determined that human beings are the only animals who have souls. Therefore humans are the only animals who can think, feel, experience, or matter to God. I am going to drive nails through this dog's paws. I am going to vivisect its chest and show you its beating heart-such awesome machinery, praise the Architect on high! Its howls, this deafening din of a universe shattering-a purely mechanistic response! I am taking over this operation. If you cringe, you may leave, and don't come back. The serious student of philosophy thinks with his mind, not his body; his soul, not his flesh. Air my breath and fire my spirit, earth my body, water my blood. Tertullian, who lived in the Roman city of Carthage in the third century, was a sensual man who loved spectacles. After seeing how bravely Christian prisoners endured public torture, humiliation, and death, he became intrigued with the persecuted religion and eventually converted.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay -- Pregnancy Neurology Medicine Papers

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental, physical, and behavioral defects that may develop in the unborn child when its mother drinks during pregnancy. These defects occur primarily during the first trimester when the teratogenic effects of the alcohol have the greatest effect on the developing organs. The symptoms associated with FAS have been observed for many centuries, but it was not until 1968 that Lemoine and his associates formally described these symptoms in the scientific literature, and again in 1973 when Jones and associates designated a specific pattern of altered growth and dysmorphogenesis as the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Rostand, p. 302). The set of abnormalities characterized by Jones included; "intrauterine growth retardation, an unusual facies, psychomotor retardation, and a 25% incidence of congenital anomalies (especially cleft palate and cardiac malformations)" (Luke, p. 3330. The incidence of FAS world-wide, can be illustrated on the basis of the extre me to which the characteristics of mental, physical, and behavioral defects are exhibited in the newborn. Full characteristics are estimated to be present in 1.9 per 1,000 live births, and partial characteristics are evident in approximately 3-5 per 1,000 live births. The incidence of FAS increases dramatically when only alcoholic women are considered to 25 per 1,000 for full characteristics and as high as 90 per 1,000 for partial characteristics (Luke, p. 333). Currently, FAS is the most common cause of birth defects leading to mental retardation. Down’s Syndrome and spina bifida, the other two most common causes, can be identified and managed during pregnancy. Yet, FAS remains the only cause of retardation that is co... ... and Fetal Alcohol Effects". New York: Plenum Press (1984). p. 64. Feld, S. M. "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Prevention Through Education". Medical Student, 19(2), pp. 15-17. Gottesfeld, Z. and E. L. Abel "Maternal and Paternal Alcohol Use: Effects On The Immune System of the Offspring". Life Sciences, 48,1991, pp. 1-8. Kotch, L. E. and K. K. Sulik "Experimental Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Proposed pathogenic Basis for a Variety of Associated Facial and Brain Anomalies". American Journal of Medical Genetics, 44, 1992, pp. 168-176. Luke, B. "The Metabolic Basis of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome". International Journal of Fertility, 35(6), 1990, pp. 333-337. Walpole, I. et.al. "Low to Moderate Maternal Alcohol Use Before and During Pregnancy, and Neurobehavioural Outcome in the Newborn Infant". Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 33, 1991, pp. 875-883.

Streetcar :: essays research papers

The play centers around Blanche DuBois, who has been fired from her teaching job, and arrives unannounced at the small two-room apartment of her pregnant sister, Stella Kowalski. Stella, who lives with Stanley, her rough and domineering husband in a poor section of the French Quarter in New Orleans, welcomes her older sister. Although Blanche portrays the part of an aristocratic young woman, in actuality she is nothing more than an aging Southern belle who has come to tell her sister that she has lost everything, including their childhood home, Belle Reve. Stanley’s suspicious nature causes him to assume that Blanche is keeping money from Stella and immediately puts him at odds with her. Stanley’s nature is violent and Blanche sees him as "common" in every way, so advises her sister to strike out against him. Stanley overhears this and cannot forgive Blanche, realizing her as a threat to his marriage. The two argue about everything, causing Stella to choose be tween them. The main problem comes when Stanley unearths Blanche’s sordid past. Mitch, Stanley’s gentle friend, has gradually been seeing Blanche from the time of her arrival. As a last resort to save herself from Stanley and poverty, Blanche expresses her hopes to marry him. Blanche’s past however, is tainted due to her promiscuity and her affection for young boys. She blames this on her ex-husband, whom she found lying with another man and soon afterward killed himself. On her birthday, Stanley informs Mitch of her many affairs, causing the deterioration of their relationship and killing Blanche’s hopes for the future. This causes a scene between Stanley and Stella, and as a result, she goes into early labor. The final conflict comes when Stanley and Blanche are alone in the apartment waiting for Stella to come home from the hospital. Stanley decides to take advantage of the situation and when he expresses his intentions, Blanche tries in vain to defend herself. The scene ends with her brutal rape by Stanley.

Jazz Performance Essay

Two weeks ago, I attended a jazz performance in a jazz bar together with a few close friends. It was a two hour show and there were 3 sets. The band was made up of five members. One played the drums, another was on piano, two played wind instruments, and the other served as the lead singer. Their performance was very alive and truly entertaining. They accepted requests from the guests. The band had a wide repertoire. Mostly, the songs they played were derived from the blues era. However, one set was devoted to recent jazz hits such as those of Michael Buble. Some of the songs they played were those of Marvin Gaye, Louis Armstrong, and Kenny G. Also, they devoted majority of their third set to Bossa Nova sound. The band did not play any of their own compositions. Being that they were only formed six months ago, they have yet to reach the point wherein they can come up with their own songs. Their show was truly entertaining. They brought a lot of brightness to an otherwise dull venue. There was not much lighting in the bar. The spotlight was directed towards the stage. I believe such lighting was meant to emphasize the intimacy of the event and of the place. Majority of the crowd was composed of couples. The music they played was ideal for dates. The music they played enhanced the romantic mood inside the venue. There was no political symbolism in their music. The main purpose of their music was to entertain the guests. Admittedly, there was nothing truly special about their performance. In fact, it can be considered a regular gig for a regular band. However, the important element in their performance was that they were able to entertain the guests and that they were able to make the people enjoy their time listening to their music.

Ap Euro Winter Homework

Irene Kim AP Euro Winter Assignwork forcet 1/2 unit of measurement I 1. There are several relationships that fuck be pointed fall out between the Middle Ages and modern times. 1 much(prenominal) example is the all overpopulation that atomic number 63 go to the highest degree before the bleak goal and the overpopulation that the worldly concern is facing at this moment. Although not everywhere, on that point is poor sanitation and malnutrition in legion(predicate) areas of the world as in that location were natural covering then. some new(prenominal) example is the economy and how there were a lack of jobs and pay for lot as there are directly which lead to recent loving swops. 2.The saturnine Death opened up new economic opportunities for peasants and formed a new middle class made up of trickisans. The farmers that broke a style were able to fuck a new job that they enjoyed much(prenominal) as art and literature. The nose candy eld War began the mode rnization of state expression and it made more(prenominal) room for social mobility. Power besides became more centralized. The crisis in the Catholic Church paved the way for scholasticism and more secularizing of art. 3. The Black Death changed the social structure after the umpteen deaths and the surplus of farmers who moved to the cities to become artisans.The Hundred Years War put contract politically between England and France that would affect wars ulterior on. The church moving from Italy to France and refocusing the place of proper(a)eousness changed the demographic structure. Unit II 1. The Renaissance differed from the Late Middle Ages because it cerebrate a lot on art and learning. pityingitarianism, which led to some a(prenominal) going out from the church and become secular, opening crossways atomic number 63 with the help of many intellectuals. similarly the fact that the Renaissance was a tip without as much feudalism because of the Black Death i s significant because the individual could focus on himself or herself. . The topic of secular humanism affected Renaissance art because it broke away from the traditional Christian settings and characters and relied more on basic citizenry and their emotions. secular humanism changed how society viewed itself and made it more individual-centered. da Vinci da Vinci is one artificer who mixed the Mona Lisa, by developing the technique of sfumato. Another artist is Michelangelo Buonarroti who sculpted David, which glorified the human body by making it into a contrapposto stance and made the facial expressions single and emotional.Albrecht Durer is a Northern Renaissance artist who painted many self-portraits which shows how he determine himself as well. 3. Women at a time had increased addition to education but they also alienated status and became ornaments to their husbands. There were sexual epitome standards women had to curb chaste while men could do whatever they wa nted to. Although there were women like Christine de Pisan or Isabella dEste, their roles were to follow and down children. 4. Machiavellis ideas, found in The Prince, outline what a prince should do to pattern his country.He states that the ends must justify the essence and that for rulers, it is better to be feared than to be loved. They have greatly influenced future rulers to be stricter on their people. Unit III 1. The causes of the Protestant reclamation were the corruption of the church, revivals of ancient text, and humanism. The corruptions of the church much(prenominal) as the sale of indulgences, simony, pluralism and other kit and caboodle caused the people to become wary of the church. Humanism caused many people to criticize the church and question the validity of the bible.Though tensions about the church had been growing over the ago few centuries, they escalated during this time, causing the Protestant rehabilitation. 2. The replenishment changed the world religiously, politically, economically, and socially. It changed it religiously by separating countries and the people by different religions, when before the reformation they were united under one. New religions sprout out and grew away from Catholicism. It changed it politically because the rulers now had a stand on which religion to practice.It changed it socially because many of the cut back classes converted into Protestantism because it was more favorable to them while many of the nobility stayed Catholic. 3. The status of women and children in European society was changed by the reformation, somewhat. A cleaning womans main job was to stay at home and take plow of the family, but marri climb on became more compassionate. tension on education and literary pass judgment rose during this time, thanks to intellectuals. As for Protestant women, their opportunities to help in the church, such(prenominal) as becoming a nun, lessened. 4.The extent the Catholic Church succeede d in achieving its goals during the Counter Reformation was pretty good. They basically re-affirmed past stamps and ameliorate the institutions so that no corruption could be done and that the clergy would be properly educated. Although the superstar of western Christianity was shattered, religious enthusiasm was rekindled inside the people. A new religious site called the Jesuits also helped many people wee-wee back into Catholicism. 5. The voyages of exploration were motivated the idea of riches, such as gold or silver, but many wanted to fix a new route to the silk and alter professions.The Ottoman Empire blocked cardinal very major routes and so Europe had to find new routes to Asia. They changed the world by coming home with knowledge of new land and also spread diseases and fodder from one place to another. 6. Politics and economic science were related in the commercial revolution. The moneymaking(prenominal) Revolution was a period of European expansion, colonial ism, and mercantilism. It was related to politics because many countries fought over trade routes. Whoever controlled one route, would form alliances with other countries making it a unshakable, defended nation.It is related to economic science as well, because with the vast trade markets and monopolies, it helped many countries gain wealth and eventually power. Unit V 1. Divine right is the belief that God placed the king on the fecal matter. Many used this as the prat of power for an absolutist rule. Although its legitimacy cant be proven, people such as Bossuet helped monarchs achieve that power, such as Louis XIV. 2. The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany as a renewal of the Peace of Augsburg except it added Calvinism.It failed to help Europe experience peace in the years following because Germany was now devastated and further divided. in like manner France began to gain power, which led to many wars such as the French Revolution and and so for th 3. Mercantilism is the economic doctrine in which disposal control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and the surety of the state. It was a cause of frequent European wars and motivated colonial expansion. It started the slave trade. They spread diseases, killed many natives, plundered riches, and introduced ifferent foods and animals. 4. Austria, Prussia, France, Russia, and England emerged as the strongest powers during the age of absolutism because of the fall of the three ageing empires, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, and prettify Kingdom. Absolute rulers, such as Frederick William I of Prussia, ruled as a solvent to the crises of the 16th and 17th centuries because the people inevitable order. Their armies and military were very developed and strong as well. 5. The methods that haughty monarchs used to keep on their control were to strengthen their military and change the bureaucracy.They also demanded absolute obedience and s ee from civil servants, because promotions were based on merit. They also educated their people more, even the lower classes. Monarchs also extended their rule over local law and revenues and replaced local nobles with ones close-fitting to the king. 6. Absolutism is based on sovereignty. An absolute ruler, like a king or queen, governs by decree. They were placed on the throne by god, and the people have no say in those decrees and no right of appeal. Constitutionalism, however, is based on agreed laws, not decree. It relies on a balance of government power and the rights of the people as well.